Offshore wind energy, with its advantages of large spatial distribution, high wind speed, and low turbulent disturbance compared to onshore sites, has emerged as a key focus for current and future clean energy development. However, the wave-wind interaction introduces new complexities into the turbulent flow within the marine atmospheric boundary layer, posing new challenges for effective utilization and management of offshore wind resources. In this study, we investigate wave-induced impacts on airflow and wake turbulence around wind turbines using large eddy simulations. A moving surface drag model is employed to account for the wave-indued drag on airflow above. Numerical experiments are conducted to explore the effects of wave steepness and wave phase speed on the flow within marine wind turbine array boundary layer and power generation on offshore site. The results show that the wave can significantly affect the wind speed and stress profiles downstream of wind turbines. As the wave steepness becomes higher, the wave increases the overall wave drag at the air-sea interface, therefore reducing the wake recovery and power output. In contrast, faster-propagating wave can accelerate the overlying wind. Under high wave ages conditions, wave-wake interactions are further intensified within offshore wind farms, enhancing the sea-to-air momentum flux and higher turbulent intensity, thereby improving the wake recovery and power output of offshore wind farms. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing the layout and performance of offshore wind farm.

Offshore wind energy; wave; marine atmospheric boundary layer; moving surface drag model; large eddy simulations; power output.