Objective Mental health issues experienced by adolescents can be classified into two main categories: internalised and externalised problems. The risk factors that give rise to internalised problems in adolescents can be either individual or environmental in nature (Benson et al., 2011). Two significant individual factors are rumination and hopelessness. Rumination is defined as a cognitive processing mode that focuses on the past, whereas hopelessness is defined as a cognitive processing mode that focuses on the future. The processing of past and future events influences the emotional state of the present, which in turn affects the internalisation of adolescents (Miloyan et al., 2014). Childhood maltreatment represents a significant environmental risk factor (Benson et al., 2011), it may indirectly influence internalisation problems through the proximal individual factors. Impulsivity is another individual risk factor.
Methods A total of 1,077 questionnaires were collected, of which 951 were deemed valid (44.16% male, 55.84% female) using a battery of psychometric instruments. This paper presents an analysis of the latent profile of four time-related dimensions in the Ruminative Responses Scale and Beck Hopeless Scale. Furthermore, it predicts the influence of grouping on the outcome variables. Subsequently, a mediation model is established, with childhood maltreatment acting as the independent variable, latent profile as the mediating variable, and different types of internalisation problems as the result variable. Finally, a chain mediating analysis is conducted, with childhood maltreatment acting as the independent variable, internalisation as the result variable, rumination and impulsiveness, hopelessness and impulsiveness as the mediating variables.
Results & Discussion Based on the level of rumination and hopelessness, the analysis produced three independent groups, as shown in Figure 1, which are the low rumination group, the balanced group, and the high rumination-high hopelessness group. In the above groups, the scores of internalisation problems increase in turn. According to the results of the mediation analysis in Table 1, childhood maltreatment has a significant indirect effect on internalisation problems through the latent profiles. The findings of the chain mediation analysis indicate that childhood maltreatment exerts a notable direct and indirect influence on anxiety and depression via hopelessness and impulsivity. However, the indirect effect through rumination and impulsivity is not statistically significant.
Conclusions The combination of rumination and hopelessness has been found to exert varying effects on the internalisation of adolescents. The indirect influence of childhood maltreatment on internalising problems is mediated by its effects on rumination and hopelessness. Specifically, childhood maltreatment through rumination and impulsivity has a different effect than childhood maltreatment through hopelessness and impulsivity.
References:
[1]Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2011). The contribution of the developmental assets framework to positive youth development theory and practice. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 41, 197−230. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00008-
[2]Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2014). The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression. Cognition & Emotion, 28(5), 795–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.863179

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