Laser-accelerated proton beams are known to have ultra-short and ultra-intense beam currents, with a current intensity of 10⁸ W/cm² or more. The deposition of such strong pulsed proton beams in the material will cause the material to heat up and expand violently, generating stresses exceeding the yield limit and shock waves, and causing plastic deformations to the material^[1,2]. By detecting the stresses and shock waves of the material, it is possible to characterize the beam quality of the laser proton beam. On the other hand, in the application field of laser proton beams, it is feasible to simulate the particle irradiation and thermal loading damages to the plasma-facing materials in extreme environments, such as fusion reactors^[3,4]. Accordingly, in this work, we simulate the thermodynamic effects produced by laser proton beams in materials and give the changing law of thermal effects with proton current intensity and irradiation distance.

laser-accelerated proton,thermodynamics