Microcapsule self-healing cement-based materials based on release control mechanism can timely sense and quickly repair the damage in the structure, curb the potential harm caused by cracks in the initial stage, and have great application potential in improving the service performance and durability of concrete structures. However, when the capsule is added into cement-based materials instead of a certain quality of sand, the strength of the poured concrete decreases significantly because the hardness of the existing microcapsule is much lower than that of sand. Therefore, in order to reduce the influence of microcapsule on the matrix, a new double-layer microcapsule was designed and prepared, and the influence of microcapsule on the mechanical properties and durability of mortar was studied. The results show that the compressive and flexural strength of the specimen with capsule is about 80% of that of the specimen without capsule. The addition of capsule is beneficial to improve the impermeability and frost resistance of mortar. The carbonation resistance does not change with the change of capsule content. The chloride ion erosion resistance decreases with the increase of the content of the capsule.