Plants have evolved a largely expanded collection of cell surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense the external or internal signals and relay the signaling cascades to various downstream outputs that are central to growth, development, immunity and stress adaptation. My laboratory is interested in the RLK-mediated signaling mechanisms in plant innate immunity, and the regulation of the shared regulators for a trade-off between growth and immunity. The Arabidopsis RLK FLS2 recognizes bacterial flagellin and initiates immune signaling by association with another RLK BAK1, a convergent point in plant immunity and development. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we are studying the activation and regulatory mechanisms on immune and developmental processes. The recent progresses on the posttranslational regulations, including protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination, of plant immune sensory complexes and signaling relay to diverse physiological responses via different RLK substrates, such as receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 and ion channel proteins, will be discussed in the conference.